Spine Conditions

The anatomy of the spine

The spine, often referred to as the vertebral or spinal column, is a highly intricate structure that provides both strength and flexibility to the body. It functions as the body’s central support system, enabling humans to stand upright, bend, rotate, and perform a wide range of movements. Structurally, it is made up of 33 vertebrae stacked vertically, organized into five distinct sections: seven cervical vertebrae in the neck, twelve thoracic vertebrae in the mid-back, five lumbar vertebrae in the lower back, five fused vertebrae forming the sacrum, and four fused vertebrae that make up the coccyx, or tailbone.

Between each vertebra lie intervertebral discs, composed of a soft, gel-like center surrounded by a tougher outer layer. These discs serve as cushions, absorbing shock and maintaining spinal flexibility. The vertebrae are further supported by a network of ligaments and muscles, which stabilize the column while allowing controlled movement. Running through the center of the spine is the spinal cord, a vital component of the central nervous system. It carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body, while spinal nerves branch out through small openings between vertebrae to connect with muscles, organs, and tissues.

Any disruption in the alignment, integrity, or function of the spine – whether from injury, degenerative changes, or disease – can significantly affect mobility, nerve function, and overall quality of life.